Answer & Explanation:it has two files given.
week_21___impact_of_ict_on_health.pdf
australia_s_health_2014__in_brief__full_publication__10_june_2014_edition___aihw_.pdf
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16/08/2016
KIT106
ICT Impact and Emerging Technology
Week 21
The impact of ICT on Health
1
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A framework for the determinants of health
Health is ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity’.
Some issues that Impact Health and Healthcare
2
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Some issues that Impact Health and Healthcare
Australia’s Health System
A health system is ‘all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore
and/or maintain health’ and a good health system ‘delivers quality services to all
people, when and where they need them’.
Health Services
Total Health Expenditure
3
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Learn more about Australia’s Health and
Health System…
Task: Pause the presentation and SKIM!! Read:
• Australia’s health 2014: In brief
REFLECTION…
As a user, what
technologies are you
aware of that are used
within the Heath domain?
Task: Pause the presentation and write your own response to the question
4
16/08/2016
Types of ICT systems in health
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to map individual
patients/study participants addresses using geospatial reference data to allow
for easier home-visit follow-ups during both annual disease surveillance
sampling, the annual vaccination campaign, and high-risk pregnancy checkups
“mHealth” (mobile health) tools originally PDAs (and now cell phones) for
paperless data entry and patient and biological specimen
verification/tracking in the field (using unique identification numbers and
barcode printing/scanning)
In-clinic patient identification systems (including fingerprint scanning) that
are linked to electronic medical record databases, allowing for more
streamlined access to clinical history and patient information
Low-cost communication systems (Skype, handheld radios) for improved
communication between the various team members and sites involved with
the clinical, laboratory and epidemiological studies
Task: Pause the presentation and read the following
•
Fisher & Myers (2011) Free and simple GIS as appropriate for health mapping in a low resource setting: a case
study in eastern Indonesia
Types of ICT systems in health
Electronic document backup (digital scanning) of all
paper records for quality
control purposes
Data management
systems with independent, but
linkable, database modules for
information access and control
by multiple end-users.
Games – simulations and games
for therapy and training
Task: Pause the presentation and read the following
• Kato (2010) Video games in health care: closing the gap
5
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Benefits of Technologies in the Health Sector
Ensure the right consumer health information is
electronically made available to the right person
at the right place and time to enable informed
care and treatment decisions
Enable the health sector to more effectively
operate as an inter-connected system overcoming
the current fragmentation and duplication of
service delivery
Provide consumers with electronic access to the
information needed to better manage and control
their personal health outcomes
Enable multi-disciplinary teams to electronically
communicate and exchange information and
provide better coordinated health care across the
continuum of care
Provide consumers with confidence that their
personal health information is managed in a
secure, confidential and tightly controlled manner
Enable electronic access to appropriate health
care services for consumers within remote, rural
and disadvantaged communities
Facilitate continuous improvement of the health
system through more effective reporting and
sharing of health outcome information
Improve the quality, safety and efficiency of
clinical practices by giving care providers better
access to consumer health information, clinical
evidence and clinical decision support tools
Support more informed policy, investment and
research decisions through access to timely,
accurate and comprehensive reporting on health
system activities and outcomes.
Provide innovative solutions to health care
Providing innovative solutions to training and
education within the health sector
Task: Pause the presentation and watch/read the following
•
Healthcare Technology Outlook 2020 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=totMfYaq8O8
•
Ammenwerth et al (2008)The Effect of Electronic Prescribing on Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Events: A Systematic Review
Examples of Good Practice Use of ICT
Task: Pause the presentation and read the following
• Examples of Good Practice Use of ICT in Healthcare and its Potential Transferability
• Westbrook and Braithwaite (2010) Will information and communication technology disrupt the health system and
deliver on its promise?
6
Heading
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Australia’s
health
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2014
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Australia’s health 2014—in brief
i
© Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2014
This product, excluding the AIHW logo, Commonwealth Coat of Arms and any material owned by a third party or protected by
a trademark, has been released under a Creative Commons BY 3.0 (CCBY 3.0) licence. Excluded material owned by third parties
may include, for example, design and layout, images obtained under licence from third parties and signatures. We have made all
reasonable efforts to identify and label material owned by third parties.
You may distribute, remix and build upon this work. However, you must attribute the AIHW as the copyright holder of the work in
compliance with our attribution policy available at . The full terms and conditions of this licence
are available at .
Enquiries relating to copyright should be addressed to the Head of the Media and Strategic Engagement Unit, Australian Institute
of Health and Welfare, GPO Box 570, Canberra ACT 2601.
This publication is part of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare’s Australia’s health series. A complete list of the Institute’s
publications is available from the Institute’s website .
ISBN 978-1-74249-576-7
Suggested citation
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2014. Australia’s health 2014: in brief. Cat. no. AUS 181. Canberra: AIHW.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
Board Chair: Dr Andrew Refshauge
Director: David Kalisch
Any enquiries about or comments on this publication should be directed to:
Media and Strategic Engagement Unit
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
GPO Box 570
Canberra ACT 2601
Tel: (02) 6244 1032
Email: [email protected]
Published by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
Designed using artwork by Kathryn Jean Harrison
Please note that there is the potential for minor revisions of data in this report.
Please check the online version at for any amendments.
Table of contents
1. The good news …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
2. Could do better …………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
3. Life stages ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….21
4. Not faring so well ……………………………………………………………………………………………..33
5. Behind the scenes ………………………………………………………………………………………………..41
6. What lies ahead? ………………………………………………………………………………………………….49
such as:
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s
life
and
h?
causes
ople who
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o find out
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Australia’s health 2014—in brief is a companion report to Australia’s health 2014. The Australia’s health
2014 main report has an expanded online presence (at www.aihw.gov.au), including live links where
possible to referenced publications and web pages. Key AIHW publications featured in Australia’s
health 2014 have been converted to HTML format, offering improved accessibility and enhanced search
capabilities for readers.
Australia’s health 2014 itself is available in HTML format and as an ePub, in addition to the traditional
PDF format. Individual PDFs are available online for individual articles and snapshots, for easy
downloading and printing.
Australia’s health 2014
rteenth
tralian
t is the most
e source of
n Australia.
More paths to information online
Australia’s
health
2014
AIHW
Australia’s health 2014
iv
Australia’s health 2014—in brief
The good news
Section 1
The good news
Australia has much to be proud of in many areas of health—
including longer life expectancy, lower death rates for cancer
and many other diseases than in the past, and a health
system that people are mostly happy with.
Here are some of the highlights.
Australia’s health 2014—in brief
1
Living longer
Australians have one of the highest life expectancies in the world and can expect to live about
25 years longer, on average, than a century ago.
In 1910, a baby boy lived, on average, to 55.2 years and a baby girl to 58.8 years. Today, this has risen
to 79.9 and 84.3 years, respectively.
Over the last 2 decades, Australia has consistently ranked in the top 10 of OECD countries for life
expectancy at birth—in 2011, we ranked sixth for males and seventh for females.
Life expectancy (years) at birth, by sex, top 10 OECD countries, 2011
Rank
Country
Males
Country
Females
1
Iceland
80.7
Japan
85.9
2
Switzerland
80.5
France
85.7
3
Italy
80.1
Spain
85.4
4
Sweden
Italy
85.3
5
Israel
79.9
Switzerland
85.0
6
Australia
79.7
7th
79.9
7th
6th
7th Korea
84.5
6 84.2
th
7
Japan
79.4
Australia
8
Spain
79.4
Iceland
84.1
9
Netherlands
79.4
Portugal
84.0
10
New Zealand
79.4
Austria
83.9
7th
Source: OECD 2013.
2
Australia’s health 2014—in brief
The good news
Men reaching the age of 65 in 2012 could expect to live, on average, another 19.1 years (to 84.1).
Women reaching the age of 65 in 2012 could expect to live an extra 22.0 years (to 87.0). This is because
by the time you reach 65 you have avoided fatal accidents and other causes of premature death.
84
87
Life expectancy of men and women reaching the age of 65 in 2012
More disability-free years
Importantly, we are not just living longer, but have more years living free of disability.
A boy born in 2012 could expect to live 62.4 years free of disability and 17.5 years with some form of
disability, compared with 58.0 and 17.9 years, respectively, in 1998.
A girl born in 2012 could expect to live 64.5 years free of disability and 19.8 years with some form of
disability, compared with 62.1 and 19.4 years, respectively, in 1998.
58.0
62.4
17.9
17.5
1998
2012
Disability free
With disability
62.1
64.5
19.4
19.8
1998
2012
More disability-free years for boys and girls born in 2012
Australia’s health 2014—in brief
3
Feelin’ all right
In 2011–12, more than half (55%) of all Australians aged 15 and over considered themselves to be in
‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ health. Another 30% said they were in ‘good’ health. Just over 1 in 10 (11%)
rated their health as ‘fair’, and 4% as ‘poor’.
7th
4%
11%
poor
fair
55%
30%
good
excellent/very good
These ratings are slightly better than in 1995 when 54% rated their health as ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’,
28% as ‘good’, 13% as ‘fair’ and 4% as ‘poor’.
Despite the increasing prevalence of many conditions with age, most older people consider
themselves to be in good health. Of older people living in households in 2011–12,
76% of those aged 65–74 and 67% of those aged 75 and over rated their health as ‘excellent’,
‘very good’, or ‘good’.
76%
67%
aged 65–74
aged 75+
excellent/very good/good
4
Australia’s health 2014—in brief
Smoking rates still falling, fewer people drinking
Daily smoking rates among adults are low by international standards and are still falling, continuing a
long-term downward trend over the past 50 years.
In 1964, 43% of Australian adults smoked, and by 2010 this rate had dropped to 16%.
43%
16%
1964
2010
Australian adults who smoke
In 2011–12, males were more likely to smoke than females (18% compared with 14%).
Fewer young people are now taking up smoking. In 2001, about one-quarter of 18 to 24 year olds
smoked daily—by 2010, this had fallen to 16%.
Successfully quitting smoking can result in an increase in life expectancy of up to 10 years, if it occurs
early enough.
The National Drug Strategy Household Survey showed that between 2007 and 2010 the proportion of
people having never used alcohol rose from 10.1% to 12.1%.
No thanks!
12.1%
10.1%
2007
2010
Proportion of people abstaining from alcohol
Australia’s health 2014—in brief
5
Vaccination rates getting better
Vaccination is one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions. Vaccines are
provided free in Australia to people in particular age or risk groups for 16 diseases.
For children aged 5 there was a significant increase in vaccination coverage, from 79% in March 2008 to
around 92% in 2012. This followed a change in eligibility rules for incentive payments.
In 2012, 82% of females aged 14–15 had received at least 1 dose of the human papillomavirus
vaccination (which reduces the likelihood of cervical cancer), and 71% had received all 3 doses.
Per cent
95
90
85
2 year olds
80
1 year olds
5 year olds
75
Immunisation rates for vaccines in the national schedule 2008–2012
6
Australia’s health 2014—in brief
31-Dec-12
30-Sep-12
30-Jun-12
31-Mar-12
31-Dec-11
30-Sep-11
30-Jun-11
31-Mar-11
31-Dec-10
30-Sep-10
30-Jun-10
31-Mar-10
31-Dec-09
30-Sep-09
30-Jun-09
31-Mar-09
31-Dec-08
30-Sep-08
30-Jun-08
31-Mar-08
70
Cancer death rates falling, survival improving
Although the number of new cancer cases each year is rising, largely due to population ageing, the
number of new cases per 100,000 population is steady and cancer death rates are continuing to fall.
The reasons cancer death rates are falling include changes in exposure to cancer risks (such as not
smoking), improved primary prevention (such as better sun protection), advances in cancer treatment
and, for some cancers, earlier detection through screening programs (bowel, breast and cervical) and
other testing (prostate).
Between 1991 and 2011, the mortality rate for all cancers combined fell by 17% from 210 deaths
per 100,000 people to 172 deaths per 100,000 people.
This reduction was mostly the result of falls in lung, prostate and bowel cancer death rates among
males, and falls in breast and bowel cancer death rates among females.
Five-year survival from all cancers has increased over time, from 47% in 1982–1987 to 66% in 2006–2010.
In 2006–2010, among people who had already survived 5 years, the chance of surviving for at least
another 5 years was 91%.
5-year relative survival (per cent)
New cases/deaths per 100,000
600
100
90
500
80
70
400
60
300
50
40
200
30
20
Incidence
5-year relative survival
10
Mortality
100
0
2010
2011
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
0
Year
Incidence, mortality and 5-year relative survival of all cancers combined, Australia
Australia’s health 2014—in brief
7
The cancers with the largest survival gains were prostate cancer, kidney cancer and non-Hodgkin
lymphoma.
The cancers with a decline or no improvement in survival were bladder, larynx, lip and brain cancers,
and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
Because cancer incidence rates are expected to remain steady while death rates should continue
to fall, it is expected that the cancer survivorship population will continue to rise.
Cancer type
Prostate
Bowel
Breast
Melanoma of the skin
Lung
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Unknown primary site
Kidney
Pancreas
Bladder
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
Number of cases
Incidence of the 10 most commonly diagnosed cancers, 2010
8
Australia’s health 2014—in brief
Fewer heart attacks and strokes
There has been a 20% fall in heart attack rates in recent years, from 534 per 100,000 people in 2007 to
427 per 100,000 in 2011.
In 2011, an estimated 69,900 people aged 25 and over had a heart attack.
Death rates from coronary heart disease (heart attack and angina) have fallen by 73% over the last
3 decades; however, the rate of decline has varied over time and across age groups. For some age
groups, death rates continue to fall at accelerated rates (such as for those aged 70 and over), while for
others, such as the 55–69 age group, there has been a levelling-off or plateauing over the last 5 years.
The rate of stroke events has fallen by 25% in recent times (from 186 to 140 per 100,000 people
between 1997 and 2009).
The total number of Australians experiencing a stroke rose by 6% over the same period, associated
with the ageing of the population.
Over the last 3 decades, stroke death rates have fallen by almost 70% (from 103 to 33 deaths per
100,000 people between 1979 and 2011).
Per 100,000 population
800
Men
Women
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Trends in rates of heart attacks, peo …
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