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LING 408 HW4
1
Instructions
Please answer each of the following questions as clearly and completely as possible. Short
answers are fine so long as they are complete and correct. You do not need to follow any special
format for your answers or assignment sheet – you do not need to re-write/type the questions
(just number them clearly). If you are referring to language examples in the homework, you
may do so by listed the number of the example inside parentheses (e.g. “in (1) the NP refers
to…”). If possible, please type your answers, however clear handwritten submissions are fine as
well. Make sure that your name is on the top of the front page somewhere. You do not need to
reference either the textbook or my lectures.
You may work with others as you prepare your homework. You must however, turn in your
own paper, and answer the questions in your own words and with your own examples.
2
Questions
2.1
Logic
(check the truth tables in the slides or textbook to make sure you understand what I’m asking
for in the next two questions)
1. Given an example of an English (compound) sentence that involves something similar to
‘exclusive disjunction’ = Y (that is, you need two simple sentences joined with ‘or’ in English,
and you need the natural interpretation of the entire sentence to match (as closely as possible)
the definition for exclusive ‘or’).
2. (This is harder than the last question) Given an example of an English (compound) sentence
that involves something similar to ‘inclusive disjunction’ = _ (that is, you need two simple
sentences joined with ‘or’ in English, and you need the natural interpretation of the entire
sentence to match (as closely as possible) the definition for inclusive ‘or’). Since this question
is so hard, feel free to poke around the internet to find examples if you need to.
2.2
Entailment and Presupposition
Consider the following sentences:
(1)
Watson teaches at CSUN.
(2)
a. Watson works at CSUN.
b. CSUN is a school. (where “school” = place where (among other things) people
teach)
3a. When we consider sentence (1), we can infer or assume some additional information, given
all standard definitions for the words involved (and assuming that ‘Watson’ and ‘CSUN’ have
constant reference throughout). In particular, we can infer or assume the information in (2a)
and (2b). But which of (2a) and (2b) is an entailment and which is a presupposition?
3b. Now (assuming the definitions of entailment and presupposition given in the textbook),
show that your answer is correct by considering the di↵erences between the entailed sentence
and the presupposed sentence with respect to sentence (1), especially when we negate either
the original sentence or the entailed or the presupposed sentence. For an example of how to do
this, look at my moodle post from Thursday and structure your answer similarly.
2.3
Bringing is all together
Consider the following sentence, which is a common idiom in youth-dialect (or slang) American
English:
(3)
Haters gonna hate.
4. Is (3) a tautology? Why or why not? If it is not a tautology, why not? If it is a tautology,
how can it have any meaning at all? I will accept either answer, but be sure you understand
what a tautology is before you answer the question and then give a reason why you think your
answer is correct.
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